Magnetic Strips
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Strip
Strip can refer to:
as a noun
* a long narrow piece cut from a sheet material (metal plastic plywood etc)
* a power strip
* a landing strip
* a comic strip
* other items of a similar shape to that above e.g. length >> width >> thickness. (where >> means much bigger than)
as a verb
* to remove a layer from the outside of something
* with a person it means to remove clothes
* with a cable it means to remove sheathing or insulation
* striptease it the act of stripping clothes slowly to music
* in finance, to separate the principal and coupon of a bond (strip bond).
Stripped can refer to:
past tense of "strip" — see above
the forced removal of clothes by others, such as a strip search, or mandatory decontamination (e.g. "everyone at the crime scene was stripped and washed down for their own safety").
a method of broadcasting consecutive episodes of a television programme or series every day of the week (sometimes including weekends) at the same time each day.
a 1986 single titled ''Stripped'' by Depeche Mode
a 1990 album titled ''Stripped'' by The Stage Dolls
a 1993 album titled ''Stripped'' by Pretty Maids
a 1995 album titled ''Stripped'' by The Rolling Stones
a 1999 single titled ''Stripped'' by Rammstein
a 2002 album titled ''Stripped'' by Christina Aguilera
pt:Tira
Strips
In finance, strips can refer to
Zero-coupon bonds
An option composed of one call and two put options with the same strike price.
Securities from Strip financing
In Information technology, STRIPS refer to
A formal system used for planning in AI systems. See STRIPS
STRIPS
:''For an article on Treasury Security, see Treasury security''
Strips is a formal system used for planning in AI systems.
STRIPS is a formal language for defining planning problems in Artificial Intelligence. A STRIPS problem sets out:
An initial state (S0)
A goal state – a situation which the planner is trying to reach.
A set of possible actions, including their preconditions (what must be established before the action is performed) and their postconditions (what is established after the action is performed)
An example STRIPS problem
A monkey is in a lab. The monkey wants some bananas. There are three locations in the lab – locations A, B and C. The monkey is at location A. There is a box in location C. There are some bananas in location B, but they are hanging from the ceiling. The monkey needs the box to get to the bananas.
Initial state: At(A), Level(low), BoxAt(C), BananasAt(B)
Goal state: Have(Bananas)
Actions: _Move(X, Y)_
//move from X to Y
Preconditions: At(X)
Postconditions: not At(X), At(Y)
_ClimbUp(Location)_
//climb up on the box
Preconditions: At(Location), BoxAt(Location), Level(low)
Postconditions: Level(high), not Level(low)
_ClimbDown(Location)_
//climb down from the box
Preconditions: At(Location), BoxAt(Location), Level(high)
Postconditions: Level(low), not Level(high)
_MoveBox(X, Y)_
//move the box from X to Y
Preconditions: At(X), BoxAt(X), Level(low)
Postconditions: BoxAt(Y), not BoxAt(X)
_TakeBananas(Location)_
//take the bananas
Preconditions: At(Location), BananasAt(Location), Level(high)
Postcondition: Have(bananas)
References
Authors: Russell and Norvig Book: Artificial Intelligence - a modern approach (2nd edition) ISBN: 0-13-080302-2
Magnetism
In physics, magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. Some well known materials that exhibit easily detectable magnetic properties are iron, some steels, and the mineral lodestone; however, all materials are influenced to one degree or another by the presence of a magnetic field, although in most cases the influence is too small to detect without special equipment.
Magnetic forces are fundamental forces that arise due to the movement of electrical charge. Maxwell's equations describe the origin and behavior of the fields that govern these forces ( the Biot-Savart Law). Thus, magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion. This can arise either from movement of electrons in an electric current, resulting in 'electromagnetism', or from the quantum-mechanical orbital motion (there is no orbital motion of electrons around the nucleus like planets around the sun, but there is an "effective electron velocity") and spin of electrons , resulting in what are known as 'permanent magnets'.
Magnetic dipoles
Normally, magnetic fields are seen as dipoles, having a 'South pole' and a 'North pole'; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate North and South on the globe.
A magnetic field contains energy, and physical systems will stabilize into the configuration with the lowest energy. Therefore, when placed in a magnetic field, a magnetic dipole will tend to align itself in opposed polarity to that field, thereby canceling the net field strength as much as possible and lowering the energy stored in that field to minimum. For instance, two identical bar magnets
Magnetism
The origin of Magnetism is believed to be a consequence of general relativity. I'll have more to say/write in the article about this in a couple of weeks when I have access to my notes again.
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from the article: "are iron, some steels, and the naturally occurring mineral lodestone?" Since steel is an alloy of iron, and loadstones contain iron, shouldn't the list of natural magnets be changed to "iron, nickle, and cobalt."
Lodestone contains iron, but only in the same way that salt contains chlorine: it is the particular way it contains iron that makes it magnetic. You could change it, but they're only examples - the only importance is that everyone will know what they are.
"Animal magnetism?" I had placed a mention of those idiotic magnetic "treatment" devices being sold at stores onto this page, and someone has changed it to "animal magnetism." If there is no objection, I'll change it back to "magnetic therapy" -- because is the popular name for this bogus "medical" treatment. -- Modemac
Magnetism from electron spin
If magnetism comes from electron spin, why aren't all elements
magnetic, as all elements have electrons? At least the ones, that
are not full on the outer layer.
Can someone please elaborate on this? THANKS massa 13:50, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)
I think that all elements that have unpaired electrons ''are'' paramagnetic. Ferromagnestism is a different kettle of fish though. ( I don't know enough about ferromagnetism to discuss it) theresa knott 13:54, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)
:Electrons are divided into electron shells of different energies, with the lower energy levels filling up first. There are even numbers of electrons in each shell, and the electrons in each shell are paired to have spins that oppose each other (one is +.5, the other is -.5, every electron having a spin of magnitude one half, either + or -) so that the total spin of any filled shell is zero. That just leaves the last shell; if it is unfilled but has an even number of electrons,
Magnet
right|thumb|250px|Magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet shown by iron filings on paper
A magnet is an object that has a magnetic field. The word ''magnet'' comes from the Greek ''"magnítis líthos"'' ''(μαγνήτης λίθος)'', which means "magnesian stone". Magnesia is an area in Greece where deposits of magnetite have been discovered since antiquity.
In the modern sense, a magnet is any material that has a magnetic field. It can be in the form of a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. Permanent magnets do not rely upon outside influences to generate their field. Electromagnets rely upon electric current to generate a magnetic field--when the current increases, so does the field.
Physical origin of magnetism
Permanent magnets
All normal matter is composed of particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons), and all of these particles have the fundamental property of quantum mechanical spin. Spin gives each one of these particles an associated magnetic field. Because of this, and the fact that the average macroscopic piece of matter contains huge numbers of these particles, it would be expected that all matter would be magnetic. Everyday experience shows that this is not the case.
''Within'' each atom and molecule, the spin of each of these particles is highly ordered as a result of the Pauli Exclusion Principle. However, there is no long range ordering of these spins ''between'' atoms and molecules. Without long range ordering, there is no net magnetic field because the magnetic moment of each one of the particles is canceled by the magnetic moment of other particles.
Permanent magnets are special in that long range ordering does exist. The highest degree of ordering exists within magnetic domains. These domains can be likened to microscopic neighborhoods in which there is a strong reinforcing interaction between particles, and as a result, a great deal of order.
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Magnetic Strips
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Magnetic Strips
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