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Lapis Ring

Lapis Lazuli


Lapis lazuli is one of the stones with the longest tradition of being considered a gem, with a history stretching back 7,000 years. Deep blue in color and opaque, this gemstone was highly prized by the pharaohs of ancient Egypt, as can be seen by its prominent use in many of the treasures recovered from pharaonic tombs. It is still extremely popular today. The finest lapis has traditionally come from the Badakshan area of Afghanistan. This source of lapis may be the oldest continually worked set of mines in the world, the same mines operating today having supplied the lapis of the pharaohs. More recently, during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, Afghani resistance fighters disassembled unexploded Russian landmines and ordnance and used the scavenged explosive to help mine lapis to further fund their resistance efforts. In addition to the Afghan deposits, lapis has been found in Pakistan and (in lower qualities) in the Andes Mountains of Chile. Lapis is a rock and not a mineral because it is made up from various other minerals. To be a true mineral it would have one constituent only. The name derives from the Latin, ''lapis'', which means stone, and from the Persian, لاژورد ''lazhward'', which means blue.

Description

250px|thumb|A carving in high quality lapis lazuli, showing gold-colored inclusions of pyrite. These inclusions are common in lapis and are an important help in identifying the stone. The carving is 8 cm (3 inches) long. The main component of lapis lazuli is lazurite (25 to 40 percent), a feldspathoid silicate mineral composed of sodium, aluminium, silicon, oxygen, sulfur, and chlorine. Most lapis also contains calcite (white), sodalite (blue) and pyrite (yellow). Other possible constituents are augite, diopside, enstatite, mica, hauynite, hornblende and nosean. Lazurite's formula is (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,SO4,Cl)1-2 http://www.mindat.org/min-2357.html.

Lapis Lazuli


Additional text by Arpingstone is similar to http://www.palagems.com/lapis_lazuli_bancroft.htm (see bottom of article, Palagems.com Lapis Lazuli Buying Guide, By Richard W. Hughes). It's not identical, but presumably derived from the same source. This source should be named in the article and should also be checked for copyright problems. -( ---- Hi to the writer of the above. Yes, this was obviously one of my sources and I now regret not changing the wording more, I will do so if an Admin asks me to. However I used only a tiny fraction of the text on that site so I think it's OK. On the question of references, I used 14 sources for the article (6 gem books I own and 8 web sites) so the reference list would be very long! I think that each article in Wikipedia should be self contained and therefore not need references so I made the article quite long to include all the facts about lapis. To get more the reader can simply type Lapis Lazuli into Google, I think any web user would know to do that. I am not therefore much in favour of references (which can go out of date) whereas Google (obviously) will always be up to date. Thanks for your comments, I appreciate your concern but I think all is well. (By the way, it wasn't additional text, the whole thing is my work) Arpingstone 13:49 Feb 9, 2003 (UTC) ---- My understanding of copyright is that this is the wrong way to go about things. If you take some text and change it, what you have is a "derived work" and the copyright of the original author still holds. However facts can not be copyrighted, so it's perfectly OK to make a list of facts from an article and then write something new based on these facts (to me this is bizarre and the world would be better off if copyright was abolished, but that's irrelevant from a legal point of view). I think it's important that the references are included, since a) a reader can decide whether the information is likely to be correct, based on where it comes

Lapis Satricanus


The Lapis Satricanus, or, "stone of Satricum", was a yellow stone found in the ruins of the ancient Satricum, near Borgo Montello, a village of southern Lazio, dated late 6th century to early 5th century BC. It reads: ''(?)IEI STETERAI POPLIOSIO VALESIOSIO'' ''SVODALES MAMARTEI'' or, "The (?) dedicated this, as companions of Publius Valerius, to Mars." The Popliosio Valesiosio is probably a reference to Publius Valerius Publicola, a republican senator of Rome. The inscription is in archaic Latin or a closely related dialect. It is important for comparative Indo-European grammar as it is the only one to show the ending -osio for the genitive singular of the thematic noun declension in Latin. Later Latin has -î as the ending for this case but by comparison with Greek and other languages it becomes clear that -osio is more original.

References

Beekes, R. S. P. (Robert Stephen Paul). Vergelijkende taalwetenschap. English Comparative Indo-European linguistics : an introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia. 1995. Category:Roman archaeology Category:Inscriptions

Gmina Lapy


|---- | align="center" style="background:#9BCD9B" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;" | General informations |---- | County | Białystok county |---- | Capital city | Łapy |---- | Area | 128 km² |---- | Population
 - density
 - % of population of Poland | 23 688
- people/km²
- % |---- | align="center" style="background:#9BCD9B" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;" | Location |---- ! colspan="2" | |---- | align="center" style="background:#9BCD9B" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;" | http://www.lapy.podlaskie.pl/index.php Official webpage |} Commune of Łapy (Polish: ''"Gmina Łapy"'') is a unit of territorial administration in Białystok County in Poland. Category:Urban gminas of Poland Category:Powiat of Bialystok

Lapis Satricanus


"Conca"

The previous version had the stone found in "Conca, Italy"; apparently due to a misunderstanding of a text in Italian, on the part of the writer of the 1911 Britannica. "''Conca''" means "basin", "flat valley", etc. and is not the name of a town. The town, a very small one, was Borgo Montello as I state in the repaired version; it does in fact lie in an open valley. There is no town by the name of Conca (or Conca + something) anywhere in the Lazio, at least down to 100 or so inhabitants, and the name is unlikely. — Bill 14:20, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Lapis Ring
Lapis Ring

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