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Hanukah Candles

Candle


---- A candle is a light source usually consisting of an internal wick which rises through the center of a column of solid fuel. Typically the fuel is some form of wax with paraffin wax being the most common. Prior to the candle being ignited, the wick is saturated with the fuel in its solid form. The heat of the match or other flame being used to light the candle first melts and then vaporizes a small amount of the fuel. Once vaporized, the fuel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form a flame. This flame then provides sufficient heat to keep the candle burning via a self-sustaining chain of events: the heat of the flame melts the top of the mass of solid fuel, the liquified fuel then moves upward through the wick via capillary action, and the liquified fuel is then vaporized to burn within the candle's flame. The burning of the fuel takes place in several distinct regions (as evidenced by the various colors that can be seen within the candle's flame). Within the bluer, hotter regions, hydrogen is being separated from the fuel and burned to form water vapor. The brighter, yellower part of the flame is the remaining carbon soot being oxidized to form carbon dioxide. As the mass of the solid fuel is melted and consumed, the candle grows shorter. Portions of the wick that are not evaporating the liquid fuel are themselves consumed in the flame, limiting the exposed length of the wick.

Usage

Prior to the domestication of electricity, candles were a common source of lighting, before, and later in addition to, the oil lamp. Due to local availability and the cost of resources, for several centuries up to the 19th century candles were more common in northern Europe, and olive oil lamps more common in southern Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea. Makers of candles were known as ''chandlers''. Today, candles are usually used for their aesthetic value, particularly to set a soft, warm, or romantic ambience, and for emergency lighting during

Candle


IMO it's more effective to remind the reader that ''Leaving an open flame unattended is dangerous'' than to bury that in a long list of warnings. Note that none of the other situations cautioned about pose an actual threat unless unattended (by a human of responsible age and able body and mind.) Mkweise 16:16 Apr 18, 2003 (UTC) :Well, if clothes or a curtain catch fire that may be serious, even if you are there. - Patrick 22:40 Apr 18, 2003 (UTC) :I agree with parent. Is the lecture _really_ all that necessary. Any naked flame is dangerous; I fail to see what a list of possible occurences could bring to an article about candles. To be honest, the article could do without even mentioning the dangers of a naked flame - the average person should have enough common sense to realise them, with fire being one of mankinds' luxuries since before time immemorial. ---- maybe this could be served a little better by creating a section called candle safety or something of the like? --Jpittman 20:06, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

dripping; lead in wicks

I came to the Candle item for info about dripless candles. I am suprised to see no mention at all of dripping, let alone what special circumstances cause it not to happen. I see there is a discussion of hazards. It is certainly appropriate to note in some fashion that candles are the cause of many fires, esp when used by those not regular users, such as during power outages. But there are other hazards. I think lead in wicks is one. -kethd Nov 2004 Boston MA

Christmas Candle

I have added a shot of a candle which we use in Denmark to count the number of days left until Christmas. If people feel that it makes the page too crowded, then of course just remove it. Martin Geisler 11:06, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Candling


Candling is a method used in embryology to study the growth and development of an embryo inside an egg. The method uses a bright light source behind the egg to show details through the shell, and is so called because the original sources of light used were candles.

  • http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/eggs/res26-candling.html Candling Eggs
  • http://www.homestead.com/shilala/candling.html Candling Pictures

    Paschal Candle


    In Roman Catholic, Anglican, and some Protestant churches, the ceremonial lighting the Paschal candle is one of the most solemn moments of the Easter Vigil on the Saturday evening before Easter. On Holy Thursday of the same week the entire church is darkened when all the candles and lamps are extinguished. Then, on Saturday, a special sacred fire is lit. This represents the risen Christ whose light dispelled the darkness (death). The Paschal candle is the first candle to be lit with this sacred flame; it represents the light of Christ which has come into the world. As the Paschal candle is lit the deacon chants the Exultet. Even a partial translation conveys the emotions of joy and exultation.
    Sing, choirs of heaven! Let saints and angels sing! Around God's throne exult in harmony! Now Jesus Christ is risen from the grave! Salute your King in glorious symphony!
    Sing, choirs of earth! Behold, your light has come! The glory of the Lord shines radiantly! Lift up your hearts, for Christ has conquered death! The night is past; the day of life is here!
    Sing, Church of God! Exult with joy outpoured! The gospel trumpets tell of victory won! Your Savior lives: he's with you evermore! Let all God's people shout the long Amen!
    This candle is traditionally the first to be lit and the one from which all other lights are taken. In most cases today the candle will display the Greek letters alpha and omega (the beginning and the end), together with the year indicated at the base. Five grains of incense in red are embedded in it to represent the wounds of Jesus Christ (from the nails in each hand and foot and the spear in the side). It is also used at baptisms to light the candles that represent the light of Christ. For that reason, after the Easter season, it is frequently found near the baptismal font. Throughout the year, the Paschal candle is lit in all instances of baptism and in the

    Standard Candle


    A standard candle is an astronomical object that has a known luminosity. Several important methods of deriving distances in extragalactic astronomy and cosmology are based on standard candles. Comparing its known luminosity (or its derived logarithmic quantity, the absolute magnitude) and its observed brightness (apparent magnitude) the distance to the object can be calculated as :5 \log_{10} \frac{D}{kpc} = m -M -10, where D is the distance, ''kpc'' is kiloparsec (103 parsec), m the ''apparent magnitude'' and ''M'' the ''absolute magnitude'' (both in the same band at rest). Standard candles include:
  • RR Lyrae variables - red giants typically used for measuring distances within the galaxy and in nearby globular clusters.
  • Cepheid variables - the preferred choice in extragalactic astronomy, out to the range of approximately 20 Mpc.
  • Type Ia Supernovae - that have a very well-determined maximum absolute magnitude as a function of the shape of their light curve and are useful in determining distances on an extragalactic scale. In galactic astronomy, X-ray bursts (thermonuclear flashes on the surface of a neutron star) are used as standard candles. Observations of X-ray burst sometimes show X-ray spectra indicating radius expansion. Therefore, the X-ray flux at the peak of the burst should correspond to Eddington luminosity, which can be calculated once the mass of the neutron star is known (1.5 solar masses is a commonly used assumption). This method allows distance determination of some low-mass X-ray binaries. Low-mass X-ray binaries are very faint in the optical, making measuring their distances extremely difficult. The primary issue with standard candles is the recurring question of how standard they are. For example, all observations seem to indicate that type Ia supernovae that are of known distance have the same brightness (corrected by the shape of the light curve). However, it is not known why they should

    Ear Candling


    Ear candling is a method that proponents say removes ear wax and "toxins" from a person's ear. Also called ear coning. It involves placing a hollow candle in the ear canal and lighting it; allegedly, the rising hot air pulls out the toxins and wax. Ear candling is generally classified as quackery and pseudoscience, as no scientific evidence supports it. Skeptics note that wax forms inside the hollow candle even when it is not placed inside the ear. Placing a candle inside the ear may leads to burns, infection, obstruction of the ear canal and perforation of the eardrum. Of particular concern is wax dripping into the ear, which can cause internal burning and blockage. http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/health/earcandle/index.html At present, selling candles for ear-candling is illegal in Canada. It is also illegal to import such candles into Canada or the United States.http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/iyh/medical/candling.html

  • http://www.skepdic.com/coning.html Skeptic's Dictionary on Ear Candling
  • http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/candling.html Quackwatch on Ear Candling
  • http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/health/earcandle/index.html CBC Marketplace article on ear candling and risks
  • http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_098.html The Straight Dope: "How do ear candles work?"
  • http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/iyh/medical/candling.html Health Canada's statement on ear candles
  • http://www.abundanthealth.com/art-ec.html#exp Photos of an Ear Candling experiment
    ''This complementary and alternative medicine-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by :|action=edit}} expanding it''.Category:Alternative medicine stubs
    Category:Pseudoscience

    Roman Candle


    ''This article is about the type of fireworks. For the 1994 album by Elliott Smith, see ''Roman Candle (album)''.'' ---- Roman candles are a type of fireworks, with long, thick paper tubes that contain layers of "stars" and lifting charges. A roman candle is constructed by the following method: # load a layer of bentonite into the tube to close off the end. # load a layer of lifting charge. # load a pyrotechnic star. # cover the assembly with a dusting of black powder. # load a layer of delay powder. # repeat until tube is full There are several variations on this:
  • Many Chinese roman candles use clay instead of delay powder and run a length of fuse down the inside of the candle to time the lifts.
  • Larger roman candles will usually add more lift to the highest layers and less to the lower layers in order to cause the stars to lift to the same altitude.
  • Some really large candles will load comet shells instead of stars.
  • The low speed of the star has made candle wars possible. Each player gets a candle and shoots stars from across a field at other players. Close range shots do not allow for dodgeing. Don't use shotgun type candles. Category:Fireworks


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